The pan shot, also known as the panorama shot, was invented in 1987, when panning cameras were first used in film production. Cameras used to be stationary, so you had to move the entire camera and tripod to get any movement. This was a significant step forward in filmmaking and cinematography as an art form.

13 frames per second is the minimum speed required by the human brain to process consecutive images as movement. Anything less, and the human brain will treat each frame as a separate image. Because 16 FPS is so close to 13, old movies appear choppy and unnatural.

The Story of the Kelly Gang, an Australian film, was the world's first feature-length film. IMDB has information on the cast, box office, and budget. It lasted more than an hour, and the reel length was approximately 4,000 feet. To put that into perspective, a small 5-inch reel of film can hold up to 200 feet, a 6-inch can hold 300 feet, and a 7-inch can hold 400 feet. Depending on the size of the reel, that's at least 10 reels of 7-inch film and up to 20 reels of 5-inch film.

Titanic was released in 1997, when film reels were the only way to project a film. Each copy of Titanic had a run time of 3 hours and 15 minutes and was 17.7 reels long. That equates to over 17,700 feet of film at 25 frames per second. That's more than three miles for a single film. For comparison, the Titanic was 883 feet long... that's nearly 20 Titanics.

The raptors' terrifying noises in Jurassic Park were inspired by recordings of tortoises mating. The sound designer also tried horses breathing and geese hissing, but the tortoises proved to be the most evocative.

While the Alien franchise features different androids in (almost) every installment, there is one interesting consistency: they are presented in alphabetical order. David, Ash, Bishop, and Call, to name a few (played by Michael Fassbender in Prometheus and Alien: Covenant).

At a time when it was considered impolite to show a toilet being flushed on screen, Alfred Hitchcock saw an opportunity to add even more shock to his already shocking film by presenting a scrap of paper that proves to be an important clue, failing to flush in a toilet. The clue in the book was an earring discovered in the bathroom, but Hitchcock changed it to a piece of paper found in the toilet, partly to give viewers a surprise.

Tobey Maguire's Peter Parker is seen in the 2002 Spider-Man film coming to the aid of his love interest Mary Jane after she sneaks into their school cafeteria. Her lunch flies through the air, but Peter (aka Spider-Man) swoops in, stops her fall, and catches all of her lunch items on her tray. The scene was not created with CGI, nor was it pieced together from multiple takes. On the DVD commentary, visual effects supervisor John Dykstra can be heard saying, "This next gag here, where he catches all this stuff, [Maguire] actually did that." That's pretty good. "Take156."

Did you think it took a long time for clothes to decompose? Shoes are even more time consuming! The midsoles of shoes, which are commonly made with ethylene vinyl, can take a long time to degrade. Rather than adding to landfills, consider donating or selling your shoes!

We continue to throw away our old textiles year after year, despite the fact that almost all of them can be recycled! This means that there is an alternative to dumping garbage in a landfill. The US Environmental Protection Agency estimated in 2013 that 2.3 million tonnes of textiles were recycled, avoiding disposal. They claimed that this figure had the same environmental impact as removing 1.2 million cars from the road. Whether you choose to donate your old clothes to charity or up-cycle them into something new for yourself, imagine the environmental impact if everyone chose to recycle their clothes!

Since the 15th century, fashion designers have represented a new clothing line by creating a small version or doll cloth version to be worn by small dolls. Did you know the significance of this fashion fun fact? It's fascinating, believe me, because there were no real human fashion models until the mid-eighteenth century.

It takes a lot of water to produce the cotton required for clothing. To put these figures in context, the amount of water required to make a t-shirt is enough to keep one person hydrated for 900 days, whereas the amount of water required to make a pair of jeans is equivalent to hosing down your lawn for 9 hours.

When we throw away our clothes, we accept that we will never see them again. However, just because our old clothes are no longer in our possession doesn't mean they've vanished. While some materials decompose more slowly than others, they all have negative environmental consequences. In addition to emitting gases such as methane, most fabrics contain dyes and chemicals that can contaminate the soil and groundwater.

Dresses had a "day" bodice with a high neckline and long sleeves and a "evening" bodice with a low neckline and short sleeves. There was little variation in dress length during this time period, and hemlines were either ankle-length or floor-sweeping.

Dresses were worn by men from many cultures around the world. The Scottish kilt, for example, and the toga worn by the ancient Greeks were all examples of menswear. Dresses were only later appropriated by women, and men stopped wearing them.

Taz became a popular cartoon character thanks to Looney Tunes. In reality, though, the devil is anything but. According to one research, it possesses the most powerful bite in the planet. Despite weighing just 20 pounds on average, these creatures can apply up to 94 pounds of pressure, giving them a "Bite Force Quotient" of 181. That's about twice as powerful as a hyena and 60 points stronger than a lion.

In 1996, a team of anatomists at the University of Adelaide in Australia revealed that koala and human fingerprints are readily confused, most likely due to the fact that koalas are primates' progenitors.

Throughout their lives, clownfish experience what it's like to be each gender. They are all born male, but some of them mature into girls (a process known as sequential hermaphroditism). Both are born with both male and female parts, and some males become alpha females if alpha females die.

Beavers chew to keep their teeth at an acceptable length because their teeth never stop growing. However, their teeth are also designed to withstand chewing. They feature an enamel composed of iron, which gives them an orange colour but also keeps them sturdy and acid resistant.

Don't be fooled by the name—not it's a spider or a bird. It's a wasp, not a bee. However, this insect produces one of the most excruciating bug bites. According to entomologist Justin Schmidt, who developed the "Schmidt sting pain index" to assess the intensity of bug bites, the tarantula hawk is one of only two insects to receive a 4 on a scale of 1 to 4.

When the African Lungfish is in danger of dying, it secretes a mucus cocoon and burrows up to 9 inches into the earth, where it breathes through a built-in breathing tube that leads to the surface. It is thus dependent on rainfall to breathe.

For a period, astronomers referred to 55 Cancri e as a "super-Earth." A super-Earth is a planet that is far larger than our own—in this example, twice the size. 55 Cancri e is so near to its star that it orbits it in just 18 days, despite being 40 million light-years away in the Cancer constellation. One of its most astounding attributes, because to its proximity to its star, is its temperature, which registers a stunning 4,900 degrees Fahrenheit (2,700 degrees Celcius). That heat, along with the density of 55 Cancri e, led scientists to hypothesise that the planet's core was composed of carbon in the form of diamonds and graphite.

While most of us have had a shattered bone at some time in our lives, the truth is that bone is a very tough substance. So powerful, in fact, that "ounce for ounce, human bones are stronger than steel," as Discover Magazine puts it. A bone has a higher pressure tolerance and bearing strength than a steel rod of equal width. The femur is the strongest bone in the body, capable of supporting 30 times the weight of an ordinary adult. We all are men or women of steel...

Crabs' claws may be able to frighten other species, but if that isn't enough, ghost crabs will snarl at their foes like a dog. Crabs, unlike our canine companions, generate these terrifying noises with fangs placed in their guts. They are part of the stomach's gastric mill machinery, where they rub against one other to grind up food.