Because of the island's hidden coves and the absence of European powers for centuries, Madagascar was once a secure sanctuary for hundreds of pirates. Captain James Misson allegedly established an anarchist colony (Libertatia) there in the late 17th century, whereas Ile Sainte-Marie, four miles off Madagascar's east coast, was simply referred to on maps as "the island of pirates" at the time. When they weren't robbing treasure, countless brigands, including Captain Kidd, found refuge there. Some are buried in the cemetery on the island.