The Global Innovation Index placed Switzerland first for the eighth consecutive year as the most inventive country in the world in 2018. The canton of Vaud's economy, in particular, has seen significant upheavals. According to a research by the Observatoire BCV de l'économie Vaudoise, Vaud's economy has grown from a farming-based economy in 1860 to a land of Start-Ups today, thanks to its "strong services sector, varied industrial base, and concentration on specialised markets."